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The version history of the Android mobile operating system began with the public release of the Android beta on November 5, 2007. The first commercial version, Android 1.0, was released on September 23, 2008. Android is continually developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance (OHA), and it has seen several updates to its base operating system since the initial release.

Contents

 * 1Overview
 * 2Version history by API level
 * 2.1Android 1.0 (API 1)
 * 2.2Android 1.1 (API 2)
 * 2.3Android 1.5 Cupcake (API 3)
 * 2.4Android 1.6 Donut (API 4)
 * 2.5Android 2.0 Eclair (API 5)
 * 2.6Android 2.2 Froyo (API 8)
 * 2.7Android 2.3 Gingerbread (API 9)
 * 2.8Android 3.0 Honeycomb (API 11)
 * 2.9Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich (API 14)
 * 2.10Android 4.1 Jelly Bean (API 16)
 * 2.11Android 4.4 KitKat (API 19)
 * 2.12Android 5.0 Lollipop (API 21)
 * 2.13Android 6.0 Marshmallow (API 23)
 * 2.14Android 7.0 Nougat (API 24)
 * 2.15Android 8.0 Oreo (API 26)
 * 2.16Android 9 Pie (API 28)
 * 2.17Android 10 (API 29)
 * 2.18Android 11 (API 30)
 * 3Hardware requirements
 * 4See also
 * 5Notes
 * 6References
 * 7External links

Overview[edit]
See also: Android software development

The development of Android started in 2003 by Android, Inc., which was purchased by Google in 2005.[1] There were at least two internal releases of the software inside Google and the OHA before the beta version was released.[2][3] The beta was released on November 5, 2007,[4][5] while the software development kit (SDK) was released on November 12, 2007.[6] Several public beta versions of the SDK were released.[7] These releases were done through software emulation as physical devices did not exist to test the operating system.

The first public release of Android 1.0 occurred with the release of the T-Mobile G1 (aka HTC Dream) in October 2008.[8] Android 1.0 and 1.1 were not released under specific code names. The code names "Astro Boy" and "Bender" were tagged internally on some of the early pre-1.0 milestones builds and were never used as the actual code names of the 1.0 and 1.1 releases of the OS.[9]

The project manager, Ryan Gibson, conceived using a confectionery-themed naming scheme for public releases, starting with Android 1.5 Cupcake. Google announced in August 2019 they were ending the confectionery theming scheme to use numerical ordering for future versions.[10] The first release under the numerical order format was Android 10, which was released the following month.

In 2017, Google announced that Google Play would begin to require apps to target a recent Android version.[11] Initially the minimum requirement was Android 8, released in the second half of 2017, for which support would be required for new apps by August 2018, and for updates to existing apps by November 2018. This pattern has continued in subsequent years.[12][13]

Version history by API level[edit]
The following tables show the release dates and key features of all Android operating system updates to date, listed chronologically by their official application programming interface (API) levels.

Hardware requirements[edit]
See also: Android (operating system) § Hardware

The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture (ARMv7 and ARMv8-A architectures; formerly also ARMv5), with x86[c] and MIPS[d] architectures also officially supported in later versions of Android, but MIPS support has since been deprecated and support was removed in NDK r17.[264]

Unofficial Android-x86 project used to provide support for the x86 and MIPS architectures ahead of the official support.[265][266] In 2012, Android devices with Intel processors began to appear, including phones[267] and tablets. While gaining support for 64-bit platforms, Android was first made to run on 64-bit x86 and then on ARM64.[268][269] Since Android 5.0 Lollipop, 64-bit variants of all platforms are supported in addition to the 32-bit variants.

Requirements for the minimum amount of RAM for devices running Android 7.1 depend on screen size and density and type of CPU, ranging from 816 MB–1.8 GB for 64-bit and 512 MB–1.3 GB for 32-bit meaning in practice 1 GB for the most common type of display (while minimum for Android watch is 416 MB).[270] The recommendation for Android 4.4 is to have at least 512 MB of RAM,[271] while for "low RAM" devices 340 MB is the required minimum amount that does not include memory dedicated to various hardware components such as the baseband processor.[147] Android 4.4 requires a 32-bit ARMv7, MIPS or x86 architecture processor (latter two through unofficial ports),[265][266] together with an OpenGL ES 2.0 compatible graphics processing unit (GPU).[272] Android supports OpenGL ES 1.1, 2.0, 3.0, 3.2 and since Android 7.0 Vulkan (and version 1.1 available for some devices[273]). Some applications may explicitly require a certain version of the OpenGL ES, and suitable GPU hardware is required to run such applications.[272]

Android used to require an autofocus camera, which was relaxed to a fixed-focus camera.[274]

See also[edit]

 * Computer programming portal


 * iOS version history
 * Tizen § History
 * Wear OS – originally called Android Wear

Notes[edit]

 * 1) ^ The 2.3.6 update had the side-effect of impairing the Wi-Fi hotspot functionality of many Canadian Nexus S phones. Google acknowledged this problem and fixed it in late September.[78][79]
 * 2) ^ For Canadian consumers, 4.0.2 reportedly created a bug on the Galaxy Nexus that crashed the application market when users attempted to view details of any Android application. It also inadvertently reduced the NFC capabilities of the Nexus phone.[104][105]
 * 3) ^ Lowest supported x86 generation is the P6 microarchitecture, also called i686.[262]
 * 4) ^ Supported is revision 1 of MIPS32[263] and revision 6 for 64-bit MIPS64[262]

References[edit]
Categories:
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 * 20) ^ "Android 4.0.3 Platform and Updated SDK tools". Android Developers Blog. December 16, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
 * 21) ^ "Google announces Android 4.0.4". The Inquirer. March 29, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
 * 22) ^ Google announces 4.0.4 on Google+. March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
 * 23) ^ Jump up to:a b c d
 * 24) ^ "Android 4.1.2 rolling out for Nexus 7". The Verge. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
 * 25) ^ "Android 4.2 adds gestue typing, wireless TV display, multiple user support on tablets, and more". The Verge. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
 * 26) ^ "Android 4.2 Jelly Bean brings all-new photography powers". TechRadar.com. October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
 * 27) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 28) ^ "Exclusive Android 4.2 Alpha Teardown, Part 2: SELinux, VPN Lockdown, And Premium SMS Confirmation". Android Police. October 17, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
 * 29) ^ "(Changelog) What's New In Android 4.2.1 (JOP40D)". Android Police. November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
 * 30) ^ "Sorry, Santa – Google Cancels December In Android 4.2". Android Police. November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
 * 31) ^ "Breaking: Android 4.2.2 (Build JDQ39) Update Rolling Out To GSM Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 7, Nexus 10". Android Police. February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
 * 32) ^ "Android 4.3 announced, rolling out to Nexus devices today". The Verge. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
 * 33) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Introducing Android 4.3, a sweeter Jelly Bean". Official Android Blog. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 34) ^ "Android 4.3 supports TRIM, improves performance on Nexus devices". Engadget. July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 35) ^ "Another Android 4.3 Change: Photo Spheres Look A Lot Better Now". Android Police. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
 * 36) ^ "Android 4.3 And Updated Camera UI Spotted On A Nexus 4 At Thailand Mobile Expo". Android Police. May 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 37) ^ "App Ops: Android 4.3's Hidden App Permission Manager, Control Permissions For Individual Apps!". Android Police. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 38) ^ "Android 4.3 source code reveals support for 4K resolution". Engadget. July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 39) ^ "An In-Depth Look At The Big (And Small) Additions To Android Jelly Bean 4.3". Android Police. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
 * 40) ^ "Suddenly, A Wild Android 4.3.1 Appears – LTE Nexus 7 Receiving Android 4.3.1 OTA (JLS36I)". Android Police. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
 * 41) ^ "Factory Image And Binaries Are Now Available For The Nexus 7 LTE Android 4.3.1 Update (JLS36I)". Android Police. October 8, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
 * 42) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f
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 * 44) ^ "Android for all and the new Nexus 5 ". Google Official Blog. October 31, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
 * 45) ^ "Got the KitKat SD card blues? Solve the problem with SDFix (root required)" - Android Authority, March 18, 2014 (article includes details of restriction)
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 * 48) ^ "Exploring Android L: Lockscreen widgets also bite the dust". Pocketables.com. June 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
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 * 12) ^ "Android 4.0.3 Platform and Updated SDK tools". Android Developers Blog. December 16, 2011. Retrieved January 4, 2012.
 * 13) ^ "Google announces Android 4.0.4". The Inquirer. March 29, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
 * 14) ^ Google announces 4.0.4 on Google+. March 28, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2012.
 * 15) ^ Jump up to:a b c d
 * 16) ^ "Android 4.1.2 rolling out for Nexus 7". The Verge. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
 * 17) ^ "Android 4.2 adds gestue typing, wireless TV display, multiple user support on tablets, and more". The Verge. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
 * 18) ^ "Android 4.2 Jelly Bean brings all-new photography powers". TechRadar.com. October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
 * 19) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 20) ^ "Exclusive Android 4.2 Alpha Teardown, Part 2: SELinux, VPN Lockdown, And Premium SMS Confirmation". Android Police. October 17, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
 * 21) ^ "(Changelog) What's New In Android 4.2.1 (JOP40D)". Android Police. November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
 * 22) ^ "Sorry, Santa – Google Cancels December In Android 4.2". Android Police. November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
 * 23) ^ "Breaking: Android 4.2.2 (Build JDQ39) Update Rolling Out To GSM Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 7, Nexus 10". Android Police. February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
 * 24) ^ "Android 4.3 announced, rolling out to Nexus devices today". The Verge. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
 * 25) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Introducing Android 4.3, a sweeter Jelly Bean". Official Android Blog. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 26) ^ "Android 4.3 supports TRIM, improves performance on Nexus devices". Engadget. July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 27) ^ "Another Android 4.3 Change: Photo Spheres Look A Lot Better Now". Android Police. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
 * 28) ^ "Android 4.3 And Updated Camera UI Spotted On A Nexus 4 At Thailand Mobile Expo". Android Police. May 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 29) ^ "App Ops: Android 4.3's Hidden App Permission Manager, Control Permissions For Individual Apps!". Android Police. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 30) ^ "Android 4.3 source code reveals support for 4K resolution". Engadget. July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 31) ^ "An In-Depth Look At The Big (And Small) Additions To Android Jelly Bean 4.3". Android Police. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
 * 32) ^ "Suddenly, A Wild Android 4.3.1 Appears – LTE Nexus 7 Receiving Android 4.3.1 OTA (JLS36I)". Android Police. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
 * 33) ^ "Factory Image And Binaries Are Now Available For The Nexus 7 LTE Android 4.3.1 Update (JLS36I)". Android Police. October 8, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
 * 34) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f
 * 35) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 36) ^ "Android for all and the new Nexus 5 ". Google Official Blog. October 31, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
 * 37) ^ "Got the KitKat SD card blues? Solve the problem with SDFix (root required)" - Android Authority, March 18, 2014 (article includes details of restriction)
 * 38) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 39) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 40) ^ "Exploring Android L: Lockscreen widgets also bite the dust". Pocketables.com. June 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
 * 41) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e
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 * 1) ^ "Android 4.1.2 rolling out for Nexus 7". The Verge. October 9, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
 * 2) ^ "Android 4.2 adds gestue typing, wireless TV display, multiple user support on tablets, and more". The Verge. October 29, 2012. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
 * 3) ^ "Android 4.2 Jelly Bean brings all-new photography powers". TechRadar.com. October 29, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
 * 4) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 5) ^ "Exclusive Android 4.2 Alpha Teardown, Part 2: SELinux, VPN Lockdown, And Premium SMS Confirmation". Android Police. October 17, 2012. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
 * 6) ^ "(Changelog) What's New In Android 4.2.1 (JOP40D)". Android Police. November 27, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
 * 7) ^ "Sorry, Santa – Google Cancels December In Android 4.2". Android Police. November 17, 2012. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
 * 8) ^ "Breaking: Android 4.2.2 (Build JDQ39) Update Rolling Out To GSM Galaxy Nexus, Nexus 7, Nexus 10". Android Police. February 11, 2013. Retrieved February 12, 2013.
 * 9) ^ "Android 4.3 announced, rolling out to Nexus devices today". The Verge. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2013.
 * 10) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e "Introducing Android 4.3, a sweeter Jelly Bean". Official Android Blog. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 11) ^ "Android 4.3 supports TRIM, improves performance on Nexus devices". Engadget. July 30, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 12) ^ "Another Android 4.3 Change: Photo Spheres Look A Lot Better Now". Android Police. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 28, 2013.
 * 13) ^ "Android 4.3 And Updated Camera UI Spotted On A Nexus 4 At Thailand Mobile Expo". Android Police. May 24, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 14) ^ "App Ops: Android 4.3's Hidden App Permission Manager, Control Permissions For Individual Apps!". Android Police. July 25, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 15) ^ "Android 4.3 source code reveals support for 4K resolution". Engadget. July 26, 2013. Retrieved July 30, 2013.
 * 16) ^ "An In-Depth Look At The Big (And Small) Additions To Android Jelly Bean 4.3". Android Police. July 24, 2013. Retrieved July 25, 2013.
 * 17) ^ "Suddenly, A Wild Android 4.3.1 Appears – LTE Nexus 7 Receiving Android 4.3.1 OTA (JLS36I)". Android Police. October 3, 2013. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
 * 18) ^ "Factory Image And Binaries Are Now Available For The Nexus 7 LTE Android 4.3.1 Update (JLS36I)". Android Police. October 8, 2013. Retrieved October 9, 2013.
 * 19) ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f
 * 20) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 21) ^ "Android for all and the new Nexus 5 ". Google Official Blog. October 31, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
 * 22) ^ "Got the KitKat SD card blues? Solve the problem with SDFix (root required)" - Android Authority, March 18, 2014 (article includes details of restriction)
 * 23) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 24) ^ Jump up to:a b
 * 25) ^ "Exploring Android L: Lockscreen widgets also bite the dust". Pocketables.com. June 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
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 * 2) ^ Jump up to:a b
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 * 4) ^ "Exploring Android L: Lockscreen widgets also bite the dust". Pocketables.com. June 2014. Retrieved January 25, 2015.
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